نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 133 (زمستان 1400)

In this experiment, an advanced population obtained by crossing and periodic self-selection in the two populations of cantaloupe (Samsouri and Yellow Beetle Melon), with three cantaloupe (Samsouri, Zamche and Shahabadi) and Muskmelon Yellow Beetle cultivars, in three province of Tehran, Isfahan and Golestan for quantitative and qualitative evaluation were compared. The area was moldboard-plowed and disked before planting. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each plot was planted two lines at intervals of 3 m and a length of 15 meters and planting depth was 2-3 cm. Irrigation was conducted based depletion of 50 percent of moisture in rooting depth. Cantaloupe and muskmelon seeds populations used in the experiment were prepared of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Number of fruits per plant, single fruit weight, fruit skin thickness were measured by randomly selecting 10 fruits from each plot. The fresh yield was determined by harvesting surface equivalent to five square meters of each plot. Fruit sugar content was also measured randomly on 10 fruits from each plot by a refractometer. The firmness and shelf life of the fruits were evaluated based on the degree of spoilage of 20 fruits in two 6-day and 9-day periods under normal conditions. Percentage of rotten fruit was recorded in each period. The data were subjected to combined analysis of variance by SAS and means Fisher’s Protected LSD (5%) was used for mean separation.The effect of year on experimental traits was not statistically significant, but the effect of area on yield traits, number of fruits and percentage of fruit brix was significant at 1% level. The effect of genotype on all experimental traits was also significant at 1% level (except for fruit brix at 5%). Yield was significantly higher in Varamin and Isfahan than in Gorgan. The amount of this increase in Varamin and Isfahan compared to Gorgan was 41.6% and 34.2%, respectively. One of the main reasons for this increase was the higher number of fruits per plant. Differences in yield of cantaloupe genotypes in different regions may sometimes range from 10 to 76 t ha-1. Yield and number of fruits per plant of hybrid population were 16.20 t ha-1 and 2.34 number, respectively, which was not significantly different from Semsuri cantaloupe, but was significantly higher than other experimental populations. The fruit weight of hybrid populations (1.09 kg) was similar to Semsuri cantaloupe but was less than that of Muskmelon yellow beetle (1.83 kg) and Jaju populations (1.95 kg). In the United States, Brix 9 is considered good and Brix 11 is very good for cantaloupes but Brix is less than 10 for less attractive customers. The diameter of the ovarian cavity in the hybrid population was 6.76 cm, which was 32, 14.7 and 36% smaller than the populations of Shahabadi, Muskmelon yellow beetle and Jaju, respectively. In terms of fruit diameter, hybrid populations with 30.85 mm fruit diameter had a higher diameter than Semsuri population (28.78 mm) and a smaller diameter than Shahabadi population (37.94 mm). Percentage of fruit waste produced after 6 and 9 days was 3.3% and 10.5%, respectively, which was significantly lower than Semsuri and Shahabadi and Jaju melons but similar to beetle muskmelons. The hybrid population was similar with Semsuri population in number to fruit per plant, but in terms of percentage of Brix (fruit sugar) is closer to beetle Muskmelon, and most important after fruit harvesting shelf-life was similar to beetle Muskmelon and much higher than to semsuri.

Application of organic and fertilizer is one of the optimal agronomic methods that eliminate the defects of chemical fertilizers. Manures can provide at least 30% of the nitrogen needed to produce the crop. Vermicompost is also great influence on the improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Given that many of the efforts that are being made today are in the fight against the consequences of chemical agriculture and regarding the necessity of optimum use of fertilizers, especially chemical fertilizers, this experiment was designed and tested to evaluate the effect of application of vermicompost, manure and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of local bean.

The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in afield located in Chaboksar city, during the growing season of 2016-2017. Treatments included control (without fertilizer), chemical fertilizer NPK (nitrogen from urea 75 kg ha-1, phosphorus from the source of triple superphosphate 100 kg ha-1 and potassium from the source of potassium sulfate), 10 ton ha-1 vermicompost, 10 ton ha-1 manure, 50% NPK+50% manure, 50% NPK+50% vermicompost, 50% manure+50% vermicompost and 50% NPK +50% manure +50% vermicompost.

Results showed that grain yield was not significantly different from other treatments except control. Researchers reported that maximum yield of beans was obtained by applying chemical fertilizers of NPK (Shahgholi et al., 2016). In this regard, research results showed that the highest biological yield in two bean cultivars (red and pinto) belonged to the treatment of 30 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer with 25 tons ha-1 of manure (Masoudi & Hosseini, 2015). The highest seed weight was obtained from 50% manure + 50% vermicompost treatment (37.63 gr) and seed per pod was obtained from 50% NPK +50% manure +50% vermicompost. Pods per plant were not significantly different from other treatments except control the most of pods per plant (7.66) was observed in NPK fertilizer treatment. Highest percentage of protein was obtained from NPK, but was not significantly different from other treatments except control. The results of a study showed that the highest percentage of green bean seed protein was obtained from the application of 350 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer with potassium fertilizer (21.93%)‌ (Nasri & Khalatbari,‌2011). Maximum average gross income in vermicompost and cow manure treatments were 748550 and 697565 thousand Rials respectively per hectare and highest average profit from cultivation belongs to vermicompost and cow manure treatments respectively 664050 and 625565 thousand Rials in hectares were obtained.

Result of this study showed that there was no significant statistical difference between NPK fertilizer treatment and other treatments other than control treatment in grain yield. Also, in most of studied traits, the result showed that of was not significantly different from other treatments except control. Application of vermicompost and manure seems to be able to supply nutrients to the plant at an acceptable level and will have the right conditions for growth and increased yield. According to the results of this experiment, in order to increase the quantity, quality and net benefit of the local bean plant, vermicompost treatment can be recommended compared to other treatments in the lands of Guilan province.

 Potato production in tropical and subtropical regions of Iran is always associated with high temperatures in bulking stage in winter cultivation and also low temperatures in bulking stage in autumn cultivation. One of the most important strategies to mitigation these chalenges is to identify and introduce compatible cultivars from early to mid-early maturity groups and determine the effects of cultivation seasons on cultivars, which is the subject of this study.

in order to introduce new compatible cultivars with the autumn and winter cultivation season, this study was performed as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. In this study, cultivation season at two levels (autumn and winter cultivation) was considered as the main factor and cultivars at 10 levels including Concordia, Ottawa, Georgina, Ribera, Coronada, Colomba, Sylvana, Challenger, Atosa and Sante) were considered as sub-factor. The measured traits included the average number of tubers per plant and mean tuber weight per plant by marketable and non-marketable, weight percentage of non-marketable tubers, marketable yield, tuber dry matter content, dry weight of plant organs separately (haulm and tubers), biological yield and harvest index.

The response of the studied cultivars to autumn and winter cultivation seasons was very different. The highest tuber weight per plant was obtained from Colomba cultivar in autumn cultivation of first year and Ottawa cultivar in winter cultivation in both years. The lowest weight percentage of non-marketable tubers belonged to Colombus cultivar in autumn cultivation of the first year and winter cultivation of the second year, but the highest weight percentage of non-marketable tubers related to Georgina and Ribera cultivars in winter cultivation in both years and Challenger cultivar in autumn cultivation of second year. Sante, Challenger, Atosa and Ottawa cultivars in autumn cultivation and Challenger, Sante and Atosa cultivars in winter cultivation had the highest tuber dry matter content. Production and quality of potato tubers are affected by several factors, including cultivar and temperature stresses (Aien et al., 2017). The highest harvest index (78.4%) was obtained from Colomba cultivar in autumn cultivation. Georgina, Coronada and Atosa cultivars produced the highest haulm dry weight in winter cultivation. In the present study, plants in the winter cultivation in the first year from the beginning of the bulking stage and in the second year from the middle of the bulking stage were exposed to high temperatures. High temperatures reduce the production of assimilates in potatoes and decline the partitioning of assimilates to the tubers and increase their movement towards the haulm (Aien et al., 2017; Lizana et al.,2017). Marketable tuber weight per plant, harvest index, biological yield in both years and tuber dry matter percentage in the first year had a positive and significant correlation with marketable yield. However, the correlation between the number and weight of non-marketable tubers per plant, weight percentage of non-marketable tubers and haulm dry weight with marketable yield was negative and significant. Colomba, Ottawa and Sante cultivars in the first year of autumn cultivation with marketable yields of 44.23, 44.19 and 42.94 tons/ha, respectively, and in the second year by 42.35, 40.65 and 40.37 tons/ha, were superior than other cultivars. Also in winter cultivation, Ottawa and Colomba cultivars were superior with production of 46.1 and 42.36 tons/ha in the first year and by 48.4 and 43.02 tons/ha in the second year. Therefore, Colomba, Ottawa and Sante cultivars are recommended for autumn cultivation and Ottawa and Colomba cultivars for winter cultivation in the tropical regions of south of Kerman.

Salinity limits production in the world and affects 19.5% of water lands. It is estimated that between 18 and 27 million hectares (10 to 15%) of Iran's land has salinity problems (Mahlooji et al., 2018); therefore, salinity of water and soil resources is one of the most important agricultural problems in Iran. Salinity is one of the major abiotic environmental stresses, which affects almost every aspect of plant life and significantly reduces crop yield and quality. Thus it is a serious threat to agricultural productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The response of plants to salinity depends on several factors such as growth and developmental stage, severity, duration of stress, and cultivar genetics (Seyed Sharifi et al., 2017). Nutrient availability is decreased in saline conditions because of high concentration of sodium, chloride and sometimes calcium ions in soil solution and plant nutrient balance is changed. These saline water sources reduce absorption, impair growth and deficiency of nutrients in the plant, including zinc. Recent studies have shown that the use of zinc sulfate and zinc nanoxide is effective due to the improvement of photosynthetic pigments and the plant's ability to tolerate salinity stress. Zinc micronutrients under salinity stress conditions increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation and soluble sugars and chlorophyll content and play an essential role in improving plant growth. As a result, under these conditions, proper and adequate nutrition play an important role in maintaining nutrient balance and crop improvement (Ahmadi et al., 2006). In this regard, the aim of this research was to study the effects of zinc foliar application and saline water on growth indices and grain yield in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars.

The experiment was conducted in a strip split block design with three replications at Esfahan (Rodasht) drainage and salinity research station in 2012-14. Three water irrigation quality treatments including W1=check, 1-2 dS/m (low salinity), W2=10 dS/m (a common salinity in the region), W3=18 dS/m (high salinity) were evaluated as vertical factor. The horizontal factors were foliar spraying including (Nano zinc-oxide, Chelated zinc, mixture of nano and chelated and water spraying as a check). Three different barley cultivars including (Moroco=moderate semi salt sensitive, Nosrat=moderate salt tolerant and Khatam= salttolerant) were spilted within the vertical factors. Data were analyzed using SAS software and the means were compared by Lsmeans test at 5% probability level.

The results showed that with increasing salinity of irrigation water, yield and grain yield components decreased. Foliar application of zinc chelate increased the number of spikes, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield. Khatam cultivar was the most salt tolerant, Nosrat cultivar was semi-tolerant to salinity and Morocco cultivar was more sensitive to salinity. Triple interaction (salinity * foliar application * cultivar) was significant on the all traits in the two years of the experiment (except for number of seeds per spike in the first year). That being the case, effects slicing was performed. With increasing salinity to moderate level (10 dS / m), the advantage of using a mixture of zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc chelate (in the first year) and zinc chelate (in the second year) became apparent in which it had a positive effect on grain yield of barley cultivars. Under excessive salinity (18 dS / m), no foliar application (in the first year) and the foliar application of zinc chelate (in the second year) were found to be the most appropriate treatments.

It seems that the second year of research was closer to normal conditions (in terms of long-term annual meteorological data) and could be considered more representative of the real condition in the region where the foliar application of zinc fertilizer and the use of salt tolerant cultivar (Khatam) is recommended.

One of the pillars of a sustainable agricultural system is the use of organic fertilizers to provide the nutrients needed by the plant with the aim of eliminating or significantly reducing the consumption of chemical inputs (Darzi et al., 2011). Organic fertilizer includes vermicompost and products from the activity of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and stabilizers of nitrogen or other nutrients that are active in the soil (Anwar et al., 2005). Sesame is an old and important oilseed crop that is usually grown on small farmers' tropical and subtropical farms (Weiss et al., 2000). This study was conducted for investigating the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, vermicompost and their combined application on sesame plant of single branch cultivar in Tarom region of Zanjan province.

Experiment in a complete randomized block design was carried out with three replications in Tarom, Zanjan province, Iran during cropping seasons of 2016-2017. Treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg Nitrogen ha-1) and integrated nitrogen of chemical and organic (15 kg N ha-1 + 2.5 ton ha-1 vermicompost, 30 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton ha-1 vermicompost and 45 kg N ha-1 + 7.5 ton ha-1 vermicompost) and vermicompost (5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1) were used.

Results showed that use of nitrogen fertilizer, vermicompost and combination nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost had significant effect on seed yield and yield components of sesame. So that, Maximum plant height, number of capsule in plant, number of seed.plant-1, 1000-seed weight and seed yield (3087.87) were obtained 45 kg N ha-1 + 7.5 ton ha-1 . Maximum biological yield (8360 kg ha-1) was obtained using the treatment 45 kg N ha-1 +7.5 ton ha-1 vermicompost. Also, seed oil percentage was not affected by any of the treatments; As a result, Maximum oil yield (1530.36 kg ha-1) was obtained using treatment 30 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton ha-1.

Khorramabad region has a temperate climate and it is mainly cultivated with cereals and sometimes dryland beans. Therefore, the cultivation of oilseeds such as safflower and the forgotten plant of Dragon’s head along with legumes in crop rotation with wheat and barley is new and important. Development of oilseed cultivation in rainfed conditions and selection of cultivars with high production potential is an effective and important solution to reduce water consumption. Therefore, in order to improve the quantity and quality of the product, in order to establish a sustainable agricultural system, the use of conservation tillage is of great importance. Therefore, in this study, the effect of tillage on Dragon’s head in rainfed conditions was investigated.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the morphological and biochemical response of Dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica L.) to different tillage systems in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two cultivated regions of Khorramabad temperate region and Kamalvand cold region in 2017-18. Three tillage methods including conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no tillage were main plots and five Dragon’s head including cultivar including Takab, Kalibar, Kurdistan, Nazar Kahrizi and Jolfa were as sub plots. Land preparation operation was carried out in November 2017. The width of each tillage strip is equal to twice the width of the tractor (equivalent to the length of each plot) 2.25 × 2.25 meters, the distance between the strips (tillage) is 1.5 meters, the distance between the plots is 0.5 meters, the distance between the repeats is 0.5 was 1 meter. Experimental plots consisted of 9 planting lines with a length of 5 m with a distance of 25 cm between planting rows. The treatments were planted linearly and by hand.

In Khorramabad region, the highest number of hazelnut rotations per plant was obtained from Kurdistan landrace in minimum tillage method (55.6), which was significantly different only from Kalibar landrace. Kalibar landrace in no tillage method (33.6) showed the lowest number of hazelnut rotations per plant. In Kamalvand region, the highest number of hazelnut rotations per plant from Jolfa landrace in minimum tillage method (0.39) which was not significantly different from other landraces in this tillage method. The lowest number of hazelnut rotations per plant was obtained from Takab landrace in no tillage method (26.6) and there was no significant difference with Julfa, Kalibar and Kurdistan landraces (Table 3). In Khorramabad region, the highest 1000-seed weight was observed in Takab landrace in minimum tillage method (3.19 g) which was not significantly different from Kurdistan and Jolfa landraces. The highest grain yield was obtained from Kurdistan landrace in minimum tillage (477 kg ha-1) and the lowest from Kalibar landrace in no tillage (181 kg ha-1). In Kamalvand region, the highest 1000-seed weight was obtained from Nazarkahrizi landrace in minimum tillage method (2.17 g) without significant differences with Takab and Kurdistan landraces and the lowest was obtained from Kalibar landrace in no tillage method (1.26 g). The highest grain yield was obtained from Kalibar landrace in minimum tillage (330 kg ha-1) and the lowest from Takab and Kalibar landraces in no tillage (213.3 kg ha-1) (Table 3).

Results showed that in both areas, minimum tillage method increased the number of seeds per hazelnut. Most of the studied traits were affected by the type of tillage and the minimum tillage method was able to have a better and desirable effect on crop. All studied traits except plant height in the temperate region of Khorramabad had a significant advantage over the cold region of Kamalvand. More suitable temperature conditions and in accordance with the developmental stages in the temperate region of Khorramabad improved the growth and developmental stages of Dragon’s head.

Cluster bean with the English name of Cluster bean and the scientific name of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. is an annual and summer plant of the legume family that has a high drought tolerance and is a suitable product for hot and semi-arid regions (Ashraf et al, 2005). Based on their results on guar gum, the researchers showed that the highest grain yield and biological yield were obtained at a row spacing of 45 cm (Jagtap et al., 2011). Determining the desired row spacing in the field as one of the important agricultural activities has an effective role in how light is distributed in vegetation as well as intra-plant competition. Due to the geographical location and climatic conditions of Jiroft, which is one of the hot and dry regions of the country, it is necessary to identify and cultivate plants that are specific to these regions in accordance with the existing conditions, So Guar as food, industrial, fodder products. And the drug can be included in the summer cultivation pattern. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of this plant at different planting row spacing and achieve the best treatments (such as planting row spacing, nitrogen and phosphorus) in southern Kerman province (Jiroft region).

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on growth and yield of guar gum at different planting densities, as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two cropping years 2019-2020 and 2020- 2021 in the Agricultural Research and Training Center and Natural Resources of Jiroft. Nitrogen at three levels (20, 60 and 100 kg/ha pure nitrogen) from urea and phosphorus fertilizer source at two levels (zero and 75 kg/ha P2O5 source) from mono potassium phosphate fertilizer source and row spacing at three levels (30, 45 and 60 cm) were considered.Measurement traits in this study included: plant height, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, number of branch, 1000-seed weight, pod length and seed yield. Data were collected and normalized and then analyzed using SAS software and the means were compared with LSD test. EXCEL software was used to draw the relevant shapes.

The results showed that the interaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and spacing between rows had a significant effect on all studied characteristics in terms of number of branch and pod length. The highest seed yield from 60 and 75 kg application of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, with observance of 45 cm row spacing at 4250 kg/ha, and the lowest seed yield of treatment were 20 and 0 kg application of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively observance of row spacing of 60 cm at 1800 kg/ha. According to the results, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer levels have little effect on seed yield and yield is mainly affected by row spacing, so high nitrogen and phosphorus levels are not necessary (Patel et al., 2002).

The results showed that the interaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and spacing between rows had a significant effect on all studied characteristics in terms of number of branch and pod length. The highest seed yield from 60 and 75 kg application of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, with observance of 45 cm row spacing at 4250 kg/ha, which compared to 20 and 0 kg application of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively observance of row spacing of 60 cm increased by 42.Therefore, application of 60 kg/ha nitrogen and 75 kg/ha of phosphorus and planting distances of 45cm will create favorable conditions for maximum yield, which will be suitable in the climatic conditions of southern Kerman and similar areas, and guar can a low-water plant, in terms of water consumption, it should be included in the planting pattern of low-water plants.